Tobacco
Use
Drug Use
Eating
Disorders
Prevention
and
Intervention
Strategies
Burckes-Miller,
M.E.,
&
Black,
D.R.
(1988).
Male
and
female
college
athletes:
Dimeff,
L.,
Kilmer,
J.,
Baer,
J.,
&
Marlatt,
G.
(1995).
Binge
drinking
in
college.
Evans,
M.,
Weinberg,
R.,
&
Jackson,
A.
(1992).
Psychological
factors
related
to
Issari,
P.,
&
Coombs,
R.H.
(1998).
Women,
drug
use,
and
drug
testing.
Journal
Levenson-Gingiss,
P.,
Morrow,
J.R.,
&
Dratt,
L.M.
(1989).
Patterns
of
Marcello,
R.J.,
Danish,
S.J.,
&
Stolberg,
A.L.
(1989).
An
evaluation
of
strategies
Nattiv,
A.,
&
Puffer,
J.C.
(1991).
Lifestyles
and
health
risks
of
collegiate
Overman,
S.J.,
&
Terry,
T.
(1991).
Alcohol
use
and
attitudes:
a
comparison
of
Walsh,
M.M.,
Hilton,
J.F.,
Ernster,
V.L.,
Masouredis,
C.M.,
&
Grady,
D.G.
Weinberg,
R.S.,
&
Gould,
D.
(1999).
Foundations
of
sport
and
exercise
At-Risk Health Behaviors of
Collegiate Athletes
2.
Participation
in
athletics
may
exert
which
of
the
following
specific
influences
on
3.
What
are
the
two
major
classifications
of
drugs
when
discussing
drugs
and
4. The most commonly used illegal substance
among college athletes is:
5.
What
is
the
eating
disorder
characterized
by
an
intense
fear
of
becoming
obese,
a
6.
What
is
the
eating
disorder
characterized
by
an
episodic
eating
pattern
of
8.
Cigarette
smoking
is
related
to
the
use
of
smokeless
tobacco
and
heavy
alcohol
9.
Women
who
abuse
alcohol
do
not
have
an
increased
risk
of
eating
disorders
and
10.
The
most
important
step
in
solving
at-risk
health
behaviors
is:
At-Risk
Health
Behaviors
of
Collegiate
Athletes
1. A B C D
8.
A
B
C
D
The
use
of
tobacco,
in
both
a
smoking
and
smokeless
form,
has
been
a
growing
concern
in
the
past
decade.
(8)
Research
has
proven
the
harmful
side
effects
of
tobacco
use
and
warnings
are
now
posted
to
ensure
that
individuals
in
society
are
forewarned
of
the
damage
that
tobacco
use
may
cause.
Limited
research
exists
on
the
use
of
cigarettes
by
athletes.
The
research
that
does
include
cigarette
smoking
does
not
indicate
a
significant
difference
between
athletes
and
non-athletes.
However,
especially
for
male
athletes,
smokeless
tobacco
has
become
a
growing
concern
in
the
athletic
population.
The
National
College
Athletic
Association
stated
that,
“31%
of
all
college
athletes
surveyed
started
using
smokeless
tobacco
during
or
after
their
freshmen
year
of
college”.
(6)
The
prevalence
of
smokeless
tobacco
use
has
become
an
area
of
interest
because
of
the
extreme
negative
health
effects
associated
with
it.
Smokeless
tobacco
use
has
been
associated
with
oral
cancer,
oral
leukoplakia,
periodontal
disease,
and
nicotine
addiction.
In
a
study,
“Prevalence,
Patterns,
and
Correlations
of
Spit
Tobacco
Use
In
a
College
Athletic
Population,”
college
varsity
baseball
athletes
were
found
to
be
an
extremely
high-risk
group
for
smokeless
tobacco
use.
(10)
Using
smokeless
tobacco
is
often
associated
with
other
high-risk
health
behaviors.
In
a
study
by
Walsh,
there
was
a
strong
association
between
the
use
of
smokeless
tobacco
and
heavy
alcohol
consumption
among
college
athletes.
Cigarette
smoking
was
also
related
to
the
use
of
smokeless
tobacco
and
heavy
alcohol
consumption
among
college
athletes.
(10)
Overall,
smokeless
tobacco
use
was
definitely
a
high-risk
health
behavior,
especially in certain male dominated sports such as
baseball and football.
Drug
use
by
athletes
at
both
the
collegiate
and
professional
levels
has
become
an
area
of
concern.
Performance-enhancing
drugs
have
turned
a
spotlight
on
the
incidence
of
athletes
using
drugs.
(5)
When
discussing
drugs
and
athletes,
there
are
two
major
drug
classifications:
recreational
and
performance-enhancing
drugs.
Recreational
drugs
are
taken
for
enjoyment
and
pleasure
or
to
relax.
According
to
Evans,
Weinberg,
and
Jackson,
anabolic
steroids
are
the
most
popular
performance
enhancer,
which,
“increase
muscle
size,
and
strength,
improve
recovery
time
between
workouts,
and
increase
aggressive
behavior.”
(4)
Few
differences
are
found
between
male
and
female
athletes.
However,
male
athletes
are
more
prone
to
use
anabolic
steroids.
(4)
Marijuana
was
found
to
be
the
most
commonly
used
illegal
substance
among
college
athletes.
(5)
A
study
conducted
by
the
Big
Ten
Intercollegiate
Conference
estimated
that
approximately
20
percent
of
the
student-athletes
surveyed
either
misused
or
abused
alcohol,
22-36
percent
reported
using
marijuana,
6-12
percent
reported
using
cocaine,
6-9
percent
reported
using
amphetamines,
and
2-7
percent
had
used
anabolic
steroids.
(7)
The
frequency
of
drug
testing
for
athletes
has
increased
during
recent
years
as
an
increased
number
of
athletes
have
been
banned
from
participating
in
sports.
Governing
bodies
of
various
professional
and
amateur
sports
have
implemented
policies
and
programs
to
address
substance
abuse.
The
National
Collegiate
Athletic
Association
has
started mandatory
drug testing at bowl games and championships. Also, many colleges
implementation
of
such
stringent
drug
testing
procedures
has
helped
to
control
and
limit
the
use
and
abuse
of
drugs
by
athletes.
Eating
disorders
in
athletes
have
become
an
area
of
concern
in
recent
years.
While
more
prevalent
in
female
athletes
and
female
sports,
eating
disorders
have
longterm
and
permanent
adverse
health
effects.
At
some
point
in
their
career,
almost
all
athletes
are
concerned
about
their
body
weight.
However,
weight
loss
and
weight
gain
can
be
a
very
crucial
and
beneficial
part
of
an
athletic
training
program.
When
athletes
lose
weight
too
rapidly
or
attempt
to
maintain
a
weight
loss
below
the
desirable
level,
it
becomes
a
concern.
Losing
weight
rapidly
or
maintaining
very
low
body
weight
may
effect
both
weight
regulation
and
athletic
performance.
(2)
Eating
disorders
fall
into
two
categories,
anorexia
nervosa
and
bulimia.
Anorexia
nervosa,
“is
a
psychological
disease
characterized
by
an
intense
fear
of
becoming
obese,
a
disturbed
body
image,
a
significant
weight
loss,
the
refusal
to
maintain
normal
body
weight,
and
amenorrhea.”
(11)
Bulimia
is,
“an
episodic
eating
pattern
of
uncontrollable
food
binging
followed
by
purging
and
characterized
by
an
awareness
that
the
pattern
is
abnormal,
fear
of
being
unable
to
stop
eating
voluntarily,
depressed
mood,
and
selfdeprecation.”
(11)
Eating
disorders
are
more
prevalent
among
female
athletes
than
male
athletes.
Also,
gymnastics
and
wrestling
are
high-risk
sports
for
disordered
eating.
(1)
In
a
study
conducted
by
Burckes-Miller
and
Black,
it
was
found
that
approximately
1
in
33
college
athletes
met
the
criteria
for
anorexia
nervosa.
Also,
the
results
showed
that
one
in
five
college
athletes
could
be
classified
as
bulimic.
(2)
The
prevalence
of
eating
disorders
in
athletes
and
the
recent
deaths
of
athletes
as
a
result
of
trying
to
drop
weight
raise
a
major
concern.
The
role
of
athletics
in
the
development
of
an
eating
disorder
is
still
unclear.
However,
there
is
a
direct
parallel
between
running
and
anorexia
nervosa.
Also,
extreme
exercise
such
as
long
distance
running
may
serve
as
a
trigger
for
eliciting
anorexia
nervosa
in
people
who
are
at
risk
psychologically
and
biologically
for
developing
an
eating
disorder.
(2)
Collegiate
athletes
engage
in
risky
health
behaviors
and
the
most
important
step
in
solving
this
health
issue
is
to
prevent
the
risky
health
behaviors
from
taking
place.
However,
intervention
strategies
may
be
needed
to
help
prevent
and
stop
these
risky
health
behaviors.
In
a
study
by
Walsh,
it
is
suggested,
“for
nonusers,
an
educational
component
that
presents
the
facts
about
smokeless
tobacco
is
a
logical
first
step
in
prevention
efforts.”
(10)
This
study
also
provides
support
for
the
assertation
that
educational
programs
stressing
health
and
social
outcomes
might
strengthen
the
motivation
of
nonusing
athletes
to
remain
nonusing.
Finally,
the
most
effective
and
promising
preventive
programs
have
been
comprehensive
psychosocial
interventions
designed
to
train
adolescents
in
interpersonal
skills
thought
to
be
effective
in
resisting
social
influences
to
use
tobacco.
(10)
prevalence
of
anorexia
nervosa
and
bulimia
nervosa.
Athletic
Training,
23
(2),
137-140.
Journal
of
the
American
Medical
Association,
273,
(24),
1903-1904.
drug
use
in
college
athletes.
The
Sport
Psychologist,
6
24-41.
of
Sport
and
Social
Issues,
22
(2),
153-169.
smokeless
tobacco
use
among
university
athletes.
College
Health,
38,
87-90.
developed
to
prevent
substance
abuse
among
student-athletes.
The
Sport
Psychologist,
3,
196-211.
athletes.
The
Journal
of
Family
Practice,
33
(6),
585-590.
college
athletes
and
nonathletes.
Journal
of
Drug
Education,
21
(2),
107-117.
(1994).
Prevalence,
patterns,
and
correlates
of
spit
tobacco
use
in
a
college
athlete
population.
Addictive
Behaviors,
19
(4),
411-427.
psychology. (2 nd ed.). Champaign:
Human Kinetics.
1.
Smokeless
tobacco
use
has
been
associated
with
which
of
the
following:
a.
Periodontal
disease
b.
Nicotine
addiction
c.
Oral
cancer
d.
Oral
leukoplakia
e. All of the above
drinking behavior
in college students:
a.
Cause
drinking
to
occur
outside
of
the
school
week
b.
Structure
the
experiences
of
athletes
so
that
drinking
behaviors
become
more
similar
among
the
athletes
c.
Both
A
and
B
d.
Only
B
athletes?
a.
Performance-enhancing
and
marijuana
b.
Marijuana
and
amphetamines
c.
Recreational
drugs
and
performance-enhancing
d.
Amphetamines
and
recreational
drugs
a.
Cocaine
b.
Marijuana
c.
Amphetamines
d.
Anabolic
steroids
disturbed
body
image,
the
refusal
to
maintain
normal
body
weight,
and
a
significant
weight
loss:
a.
Bulimia
nervosa
b.
Anorexia
nervosa
c.
Both
of
the
above
d.
None
of
the
above
uncontrollable
food
binging
followed
by
purging?
a.
Bulimia
nervosa
b.
Anorexia
nervosa
c.
Both
of
the
above
d. None of the above
consumption
among
college
athletes.
a.
True
b.
False
disordered
eating.
a.
True
b.
False
a.
Treating
the
athlete
b.
Preventing
the
at-risk
health
behavior
c.
Ignoring
the
at-risk
health
behavior
d. None of the above
At-Risk
Health
Behaviors
of
Collegiate
Athletes
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2.
Content
presented
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appropriate
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3.
Organization
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Quiz
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pertinent
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Record
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here.
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ONE
answer.
2. A B C
D 9.
A
B
C
D
3. A B C D
10.
A
B
C
D
4.
A
B
C
D
5.
A
B
C
D
6.
A
B
C
D
7. A B C D